Indirect governance of trans-national crises: the PAHO and WHO response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v61i2.2832Keywords:
indirect governance, orchestration, transnational crises, international organizations, authority, Covid-19, Latin AmericaAbstract
Inter-governmental, regional and international organizations play an active role in the governance of transnational crises. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in Latin America, the World Health Organization (who) and the Pan-American Health Organization (paho) have been linked with multiple actors and levels of decision-making, putting into practice what the literature on global governance refers to as indirect governance by orchestration. The article shows that, in practice, the mechanisms of orchestration have established heterogeneous models of coordination and action that, in situations of transnational crisis, allow these organizations to bring together resources, capacities and authority.
Downloads
References
ABBOTT, Kenneth W. y Duncan SNIDAL, “International Regulation without International Government: Improving IO Performance through Orchestration”, Review of International Organizations, vol. 5, núm. 3, 2010, pp. 315-344.
ABBOTT, Kenneth W. y Duncan SNIDAL, “The Governance Triangle: Regulatory Standards Institutions and the Shadow of the State”, en Walter Mattli y Ngaire Woods (eds.), The Politics of Global Regulation, Princeton, University Press, 2009, pp. 44-88.
ABBOTT, Kenneth W., Philipp GENSCHEL, Duncan SNIDAL y Bernhard ZANGL, “Two Logics of Indirect Governance: Delegation and Orchestration”, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, núm. 4, 2016, pp. 719-729.
ABBOTT, Kenneth W., Philipp GENSCHEL, Duncan SNIDAL y Bernhard ZANGL (eds.), International Organizations as Orchestrators, Cambridge, University Press, 2015.
ABBOTT, Kenneth W., Philipp GENSCHEL, Duncan SNIDAL y Bernhard ZANGL (eds.), “Orchestration: Global Governance through Intermediaries”, 2012, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2125452 (consulta del 20 de febrero de 2021).
AGOSTINIS, Giovanni y Stefano PALESTINI, “Transnational Governance in Motion: Regional Development Banks, Power Politics, and the Rise and Fall of South America’s Infrastructure Integration”, Governance, 2020, pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12529
ALTER, Karen J. y Sophie MEUNIER, “Nested and Overlapping Regimes in the Transatlantic Banana Trade Dispute”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 13, núm. 3, 2006, pp. 362-82.
ANSELL, Chris y Ann KELLER, Adapting the Incident Command Model for Knowledge-Based Crisis: The Case of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Berkeley, University of California, Collaboration Series, 2014.
AVANT, Deborah D., Martha FINNEMORE y Susan K. SELL, Who Governs the Globe?, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
AXELROD, Robert, The Evolution of Cooperation, Nueva York, Basic Books, 1983.
BARNETT, Michael y Martha FINNEMORE, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2004.
BARNETT, Michael y Martha FINNEMORE, “The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations”, International Organization, vol. 53, núm. 4, 1999, pp. 699-732.
BIERMANN, Rafael, “Designing Cooperation among International Organizations. Autonomy Concerns, the Dual Consensus Rule, and Cooperation Failure”, Journal of International Organizations Studies, vol. 6, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 45-66.
BLAVOUKOS, Spyros y Dimitris BOURANTONIS, “Nested Institutions”, en Rafael BIERMANN and Joachim A. KOOPS (eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics, Londres, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 303-315.
BLONDIN, Donald y Arjen BOIN, “Cooperation in the Face of Transboundary Crisis: A Framework for Analysis”, Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, vol. 3, núm. 3, 2020, pp. 197-209.
BOIN, Arjen, “The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research”, Review of Policy Research, vol. 26, núm. 4, 2009, pp. 367-377.
BOIN, Arjen y Fredrik BYNANDER, “Explaining Success and Failure in Crisis Coordination,” Geografiska Annaler, vol. 97, núm. 1, 2014, pp. 123-135.
BOIN, Arjen, Paul ‘t HART, Eric STERN y Bengt SUNDELIUS, The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
CHRISTENSEN, Tom, Per LAEGREID y Lisa H. RYKKJA, “Organizing for Crisis Management: Building Governance Capacity and Legitimacy”, Public Administration Review, vol. 76, núm. 6, 2016, pp. 887-897.
Comité Permanente entre Organismos (IASC), “About the Inter-Agency Standing Committee”, 2020, https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/the-inter-agency-standing-committee (consulta del 17 de noviembre de 2020).
Comité Permanente entre Organismos (IASC), “Operational Guidance on Responsibilities of Cluster/ Sector Leads and OCHA in Information Management”, IASC Task Force on Information Management, 2008.
CUETO, Marcos, “The History of International Health: Medicine, Politics, and Two Socio-Medical Perspectives, 1851 to 2000”, en Colin MCINNES, Kelley LEE y Jeremy YOUDE (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 19-37.
CUETO, Marcos, Theodore M. BROWN y Elizabeth FEE, The World Health Organization. A History, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
DE LIMA, Liliana y Eduardo BRUERA, “The Pan American Health Organization: Its Structure and Role in the Development of a Palliative Care Program for Latin America and the Caribbean”, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 20, núm. 6, 2000, pp. 440-448.
FEE, Elizabeth, Marcos CUETO y Theodore M. BROWN, “At the Roots of the World Health Organization’s Challenges: Politics and Regionalization”, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, núm. 111, 2016, pp. 1912-1916.
HAWKINS, Darren G., et al., Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
JERVIS, Robert, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma”, World Politics, vol. 30, núm. 2, 1978, pp. 167-214.
KEOHANE, Robert O., “Reciprocity in International Relations”, International Organization, vol. 40, núm. 1, 1986, pp. 1-27.
KEOHANE, Robert, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984.
KRASNER, Stephen D. (eds.), International Regimes, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983.
KOOPS, Joachim A., “Inter-organizational Approaches”, en Knud E. Jørgensen y Katie V. Laatikainen (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Europe and Multilateral Institutions, Londres, Routledge, 2013, pp. 71-85.
LAEGREID, Per, Külli SARAPUU, Lise RYKKJA y Tina RANDMA-LIIV (eds.), Organizing for Coordination in the Public Sector: Practices and Lessons from 12 European Countries, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
LOUIS, Marieke, “¿Para qué sirve la Organización Mundial de la Salud? Entrevista a Auriane Guilbaud”, Blog de Nueva Sociedad, abril de 2020, https://nuso.org/articulo/para-que-sirve-la-organizacion-mundial-de-la-salud/ (consulta del 10 de enero de 2021).
MACKENZIE, John S., et al., “The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network”, Global Public Health, vol. 9, núm. 9, 2014, pp. 1023-1039.
MEARSHEIMER, John J., “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, vol. 19, núm. 3, 1994-1995, pp. 5-49.
MICHELSON, Evan S., “Dodging a Bullet: WHO, SARS, and the Successful Management of Infectious Disease”, Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, vol. 25, núm. 5, 2005, pp. 379-386.
MOYNIHAN, Donald P., “The Network Governance of Crisis Response: Case Studies of Incident Command Systems”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, vol. 19, núm. 4, 2009, pp. 895-915.
Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General, Streghtening of the Coordination of Emergency Humanitarian Assistance of the United Nations, Resolución 42/182, 19 de diciembre de 1991.
NAJAM, Adil, Mihaela PAPA y Nadaa TAIYAB, Global Environmental Governance: A Reform Agenda, Winnipeg, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 1999.
NOHRSTEDT, Daniel, Fredrik BYNANDER, Charles PARKER y Paul ‘t HART, “Managing Crisis Collaboratively: Prospect and Problems- A Systematic Literature Review”, Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, vol. 1, núm. 4, 2018, pp. 257-71.
OBERTHÜR, Sebastian y Olav Schram STOKKE (eds.), Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2011.
OESTREICH, Joel E. (ed.), International Organizations as Self-Directed Actors. A Framework for Analysis, Nueva York, Routledge, 2012.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, OCHA, “Plan Global de Respuesta Humanitaria Covid-19 abril-diciembre 2020”, 2020, https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/GHRP-COVID19_MayUpdate_Abridged_SPA.pdf (consulta del 18 de enero de 2021).
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, OCHA, “Informe de situación sobre Venezuela”, noviembre de 2020, https://www.unocha.org/venezuela (consulta del 20 de noviembre de 2020).
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, OCHA, “Inter Cluster Coordination”, OCHA Services/Humanitarian Response, 2019, https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/how-to/do-inter-cluster-coordination#:~:text=Inter%2Dcluster%20coordination%20takes%20place,support%20of%20the%20national%20response (consulta del 17 de noviembre de 2020).
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, OCHA, “What is the Cluster Approach?”, OCHA Services/Humanitarian Response, 2019 https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/coordination/clusters/what-cluster-approach (consulta del 17 de noviembre de 2020).
OLSON, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1965.
OLSSON, Eva Karin, “Transboundary Crisis Networks: The Challenge of Coordination in the Face of Global Threats”, Risk Management, vol. 17, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 91-108.
OLSSON, Eva Karin y Bertjan VERBEEK, “International Organizations and Crisis Management”, en Bob Reinalda (ed.), Routledge Handbook of International Organization, Nueva York, Routledge, 2013, pp. 324-336.
Organización de Estados Americanos, OEA, Carta de la Organización de Estados Americanos, Bogotá, 1948.
Organización de Estados Americanos/Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OEA/OPS, “Acuerdo entre el Consejo de la OEA y el Consejo Directivo de la Organización Sanitaria Panamericana”, OEA/Ser. D/V 3/50, Washington D.C, 23 de mayo de 1950.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, “WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard”, https://covid19.who.int/ (consulta del 18 de febrero de 2021).
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, “2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan”, 2020, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/srp-04022020.pdf (consulta del 20 de febrero de 2021).
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard”, 2020, https://covid19.who.int/ (consulta del 20 de febrero de 2021).
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, “Covid 19 Strategy Update”, 14 de abril de 2020, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-strategy-update (consulta del 20 de febrero de 2021).
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, “Programme Budget 2020-2021”, Ginebra, 2019.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, Reglamento Sanitario Internacional, Documento WHA 58.3, Ginebra, 2005.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Speech to the Fifty-first World Health Assembly, A51/DIV/6, 13 de mayo de 1998.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS, Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, Washington D.C., 22 de junio de 1946.
Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización Panamericana de la Salud OMS/OPS, Agreement between the World Health Organization and the Pan American Sanitary Organization, A2/VR/lO, Washington D. C., 24 de mayo de 1949.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “Cluster de salud Colombia: sistema de información”, 2020, https://www.paho.org/es/cluster-salud-colombia-sistema-informacion (consulta del 20 de noviembre de 2020).
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “Informes de situación de la COVID-19”, 2020, https://www.paho.org/es/informes-situacion-covid-19 (consulta del 20 de noviembre de 2020).
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “COVID-19 EMT Response”, Covid-19 PAHO/WHO Response Report núm. 33, 9 de noviembre de 2020.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “Respuesta de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud a la COVID-19 en la región de las Américas, del 17 de enero al 31 de mayo del 2020”, 10 de julio de 2020, https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52454 (consulta del 20 de noviembre de 2020).
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “Presupuesto por Programas de la OPS 2020-2021”, Informe CD57-OD358, 5 de septiembre de 2019.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS, “COVID-19 Information System for the Region of the Americas”, 2020, https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/ (consulta del 20 de noviembre de 2020).
ORTON, J. Douglas y Karl E. WEICK, “Loosely Coupled Systems: A Reconceptualization”, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 15, núm. 2, 1990, pp. 203-223.
OYE, Kenneth A., Cooperation under Anarchy, Princeton, University Press, 1986.
OYE, Kenneth A., “Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy: Hypotheses and Strategies”, World Politics, vol. 38, núm. 1, 1985, pp. 1-24.
RAUSTIALA, Kal y David G. VICTOR, “The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resource’s”, International Organization, vol. 58, núm. 2, 2004, pp. 277-309.
RODRIGUES, Gilberto M. A. y Alberto KLEIMAN, “Covid-19: ¿una nueva oportunidad para el multilateralismo?”, Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica, vol. 20, núm. 3, 2020, pp. 36-46.
ROSENAU, James N., y Ernst-Otto CZEMPIEL (eds.), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge, University Press, 1992.
ROSENTHAL, Uriel, Arjen BOIN y Louise K. COMFORT (eds.), Managing Crisis: Threats, Dilemmas, Opportunities, Springfield, Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 2001.
ROSENTHAL, Uriel, Paul ‘t HART y Michael T. CHARLES, “The World of Crises and Crisis Management”, en Uriel Rosenthal, Paul ‘t HART y Michael T. Charles (eds.), Coping with Crises: The Management of Disasters, Riots and Terrorism, Springfield, Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1989, pp. 3-36.
SANDLER, Todd, Global Collective Action, Cambridge, University Press, 2004.
STEPHENSON, Max Jr., “Making Humanitarian Relief Networks More Effective: Operational Coordination, Trust and Sense Making”, Disasters, vol. 29, núm. 4, 2005, pp. 337-350.
TRONDAL, Jarle, “The Autonomy of Bureaucratic Organizations: An Organization Theory Argument”, Journal of International Organizations, vol. 5, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 54-68.
WEIK, Karl E., “Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 21, núm. 1, 1976, pp. 1-19.
WEISS, Thomas G., Global governance. In What? Why? Whither?, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2013.
YOUNG, Oran R., International Cooperation, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1989.
