Divergent paths and convergent results? Economic inequality in Europe and Latin America in the first decades of the 21st century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v61i1.2746Keywords:
Desigualdad distributiva, Políticas sociales, Trayectorias nacionales, Desigualdades regionalesAbstract
The article analyzes the changes in intra- and inter-regional economic inequality in Latin America and Europe. Taking a sample of 44 countries, it examines the extent to which economic and productive factors together with welfare policies bring about structural differences in terms of inequality between and within regions over the period 2000-2017. The results reveal that the inter-regional inequality gap was reduced as a result of different intra-regional dynamics: inequality fell in most Latin American countries while it rose in European countries. The analysis of national trajectories shows that this was due to simultaneous changes in the style of growth and in the redistributive efficiency of social spending.
Downloads
References
ADLER, M. y K. SCHMID, Factor Shares and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Germany 2002-2008, IAW Discussion papers, núm. 82, mayo de 2012, http://www.iaw.edu/RePEc/iaw/pdf/iaw_dp_82.pdf
ATKINSON, A., The economics of inequality, Oxford, University Press, 1975.
ATKINSON, A., Desigualdad: ¿Qué podemos hacer?, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2016.
ATKINSON, A., T. PIKETTY y E. SÁEZ, “Top Incomes in the Long Run of History”, Journal of Economic Literature, 49 (1), 2011, pp. 3-71.
AZEVEDO, J.P., G. INCHAUSTE y V. SANFELICE, “Decomposing the Recent Inequality Decline in Latin America”, Policy Research Working, Paper núm. 6715, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013.
BARBA SOLANO, C., “América Latina: regímenes de bienestar en transición durante los años noventa”, Caderno CRH, 20 (50), 2007, pp. 197-211.
BARRIENTOS, A. y D. HULME, “Social protection for the poor and poorest: An introduction”, en A. Barrientos y D. Hulme (Eds.) Social protection for the poor and poorest. Palgrave Macmillan, Londres, 2008, pp. 3-24.
BOYER, R., Is More Equality Possible in Latin America? (Working Paper núm. 67), International Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America, Freie Universitat Berlin, 2014.
DAUDEY, E. y C. GARCÍA-PEÑALOSA, “The personal and the factor distributions of income in a cross-section of countries”. The Journal of Development Studies 43 (2), 2007, pp. 812-829.
FILGUEIRA, F., “Modelos de desarrollo, matriz del Estado social y herramientas de las políticas sociales latinoamericanas”, en S. Cecchini, F. Filgueira, R. Martínez y C. Rossel (eds.), Instrumentos de protección social. Caminos latinoamericanos hacia la universalización, Santiago de Chile, Cepal, 2015, pp. 49-84
GUILLÉN, A. M., D. LUQUE Y S. González, “El modelo social eEuropeo: evolución y retos”, en E. Del Pino y J. Rubio (Eds.), Los Estados del bienestar en la encrucijada. Políticas sociales en perspectiva comparada, Madrid, Tecnos, 2016.
GLYN, A., Functional Distribution and Inequality, Oxford, University Press, 2009.
KEELEY, B., Income Inequality: The Gap Between Rich and Poor. OECD Insights, París, OECD, 2015.
KRUGMAN, P., P. WELLS y M. Olney, Fundamentos de Economía, Buenos Aires, Reverté, 2008.
KUZNETS, S., “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”. American Economic Review, 45, 1955, pp. 1-28.
LUSTIG, N., L. LÓPEZ-CALVA y E. ORTIZ-JUÁREZ, “Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America”, en K. Basu y J. Stiglitz (eds.), Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy, Houndmills, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
MILANOVIC, B., Desigualdad mundial. Un nuevo enfoque para la era de la globalización, México, FCE, 2016.
MOLERO-SIMARRO, R., “Growth and inequality revisited: the role of primary distribution of income. A new approach for understanding today’s economic and social crises”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41 (2), 2016, pp. 367-390.
MORENO, P. y B. PALIER, “The Europeanization of Welfare: Paradigm shifts and social policy reforms”, en P. Taylor-Gooby (ed.), Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Nueva York, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 145-175, 2016.
MORENO, L., La Europa Asocial. Crisis y Estado del Bienestar, Barcelona, Península, 2012.
MORENO, L.,“Post-crisis and the Bronze Age of Welfare in Europe”, en S. Segado y A. López (eds.), The Ailing Welfare State, Madrid, Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, 2016.
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, OCDE, Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina y el Caribe 2014. Logística y Competitividad para el Desarrollo, OCDE, 2013.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo, OIT, Piso de protección social para una globalización equitativa e inclusiva, Ginebra, OCDE, 2011.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo, OIT, “Productividad laboral”, ILOSTAT Files, http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_PRODY_SP.pdf
Organización Internacional del Trabajo, OIT, Wage-led Growth: An equitable strategy for economic recovery, Ginebra, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2014.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ONU, Transformar nuestro mundo: Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible, Ginebra, ONU, 2013.
OSTRY, J. y A. Berg, Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Washington DC., International Monetary Fund, 2011.
PIKETTY, T., El capital en el siglo XXI, Madrid, FCE, 2014.
ROMER, T., “Individual Welfare, Majority Voting, and the Properties of a Linear Income Tax”, Journal of Public Economics 4 (2), 1975, pp. 163-85.
SHELTON, C.,“The Size and Composition of Government Expenditure”, Journal of Public Economics 91(11–12), 2007, pp. 2230-60.
STIGLITZ, J., “Capital Market Liberalization, Economic Growth, and Instability”, World Development, 28 (6), 2000, pp.1075-1086.
THERBORN, G., La desigualdad mata, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2013.
The World Bank, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980, Oxford, University Press, 2005.
TORRE, A. de la, J. MESSINA y J. SILVA, “The Inequality Story in Latin America and the Caribbean: Searching for an Explanation”, en L. Bértola y J. Williamson (eds.), Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking Over the Long Run, Cham, Suiza, Springer Nature, 2017.
World Inequality Lab, Informe sobre la desigualdad global 2018, 2018, https://wir2018.wid.world
YITZHAKI, S., “Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 93 (2), 1979, pp. 321- 324.
ZALAKAIN, H. y B. BARRAGUÉ, Repensar las políticas sociales: predistribución e inversión social, Madrid, Editorial Grupo 5, 2017.
