¿Qué frena la democracia en Hong Kong? Entre elites económicas y sombrillas amarillas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v59i2.2545Palabras clave:
Hong Kong, democracia, economía política, instituciones, gobernanza localResumen
Hong Kong presenta un caso que pone en cuestión la teoría de modernización de Samuel Huntington. Por una parte, se señala como impedimento el retorno de la soberanía a la República Popular China. Sin embargo, incluso durante el control británico, no desarrolló instituciones democráticas. El presente artículo plantea las implicaciones de la presencia de élites económicas en la política de Hong Kong. Se concluye que, además de la clara intervención china en el consejo legislativo, las protestas de las sombrillas amarillas indican que una parte de la ciudadanía muestra inconformidad con la situación política, buscando alternativas de participación política.Métricas
Citas
Acemoglu, Daron y James Robinson, Economic origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Ackerly, Brooke, “Is liberalism the only way toward democracy? Confucianism and Democracy”. Political Theory 33, 4, 2005.
Alexander, Jeffrey, The civil sphere, Oxford, University Press, 2006.
Almond, Gabriel y Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations, Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1984.
Alvin, So, Hong Kong’s Embattled Democracy: A Societal Analysis, Baltimore, MD., John Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Barr, Michael, “The Bonsai under the Banyan Tree: Democracy and Democratisation in Singapore”. Democratization, 21 (1), 2014, pp. 29-48.
Barro, Robert, “Determinants of democracy”, Journal of Political Economy 107 (S6), 1999, pp. 158-183.
“Biography: Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor”, BBC Monitoring, 26 de julio de 2017.
Bollen, Kenneth, “Political democracy and the timing of development”, American Sociological Review, 1979, 44, pp. 572-87.
Buxton, Julia y Nicola Phillips, Developments in Latin American Political Economy, Reino Unido, Manchester University Press, 1999.
Chang, Yu-tzung y Yun-han Chu, “East Asian Democratization in comparative perspective”, Routledge Handbook of Democratization in East Asia, Nueva York, Routledge, 2018.
Dahl, Robert, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT., Yale University Press, 1971.
Dahl, Robert, Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989.
Deng, Xiaoping, lun ʻYiguo Liangzhiʼ (Deng Xiaoping Discusses ʻOne country two systemsʼ), Hong Kong, Joint Publishing, 2004, p. 56.
García-Escudero, Pío, “Pedagogía confuciana”, Desafíos, 26 (1), 2014, pp. 57-82, doi: dx.doi.org/10.12804/desafios26.1.2014.02
George, Cherian, “Consolidating authoritarian rule: calibrated coercion in Singapore”, The Pacific Review 20 (2), 2007, pp. 127-145, doi.org/10.1080/09512740701306782
Goh, Chok, “The Singapore Press: Part of the virtuous cycle of a good government and good society” (discurso en Straits Times 150th Anniversary Dinner), Singapur, 15 de julio de 1995.
Gramsci, Antonio, Selections from prison notebooks (trad. de Q. Hoare y G. N. Smith), Nueva York, International Publishers, 1971.
Haggard, Stephan y Robert Kaufman, Democratization, Crisis and the Changing Social Contract in East Asia, en Andrew MacIntyre, T. J. Pempel y John Ravenhill (eds.), Crisis as Catalyst Asia's Dynamic Political Economy, Nueva York, Cornell University Press, 2008.
“Hong Kong Index for Economic Freedom 2017” (en línea), The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org
Hu, S., Explaining Chinese Democratization, Westport, CN., Praeger Publishing, 2000.
Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK., University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Kausikan, Bilahari, “Governance That Works”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 8, núm. 2, 1997, pp. 24-34.
Kuan, Hsin-chi y Siu-kai Lau, “Political Attitudes and changing in context: The case of Hong Kong”, occasional paper 64, Hong Kong: Institute of Asia Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
“Nine Hong Kong democracy activist barred from voting”, BBC Monitoring, 13 de diciembre de 2017.
Diamond, Larry, Developing Democracy: Toward consolidation, Baltimore, MD., Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Diamond, Larry y Marc Plattner, Democracy in East Asia, Baltimore, MD., The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Levitsky, Steven y Lucan Way, Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Lipset, Seymour, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, American Political Science Review, 1959, 53, pp. 69-105.
Marshall, Monty, Robert Gurr y Keith Jaggers, “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions 1800-2016”, Center for Systemic Peace, 2017, http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
Mi-Hye, Chang, “Mutual Help and Democracy in Korea”, en Daniel Bell y Hahm Chaibong, Confucianism for the Modern World, 2003, 90-91.
Sing, Ming, Hong Kong’s Tortuous Democratization: A comparative Analysis, Nueva York, Routledge Curzon Contemporary China Series 2, 2004.
Ng, Margaret, “Why Asia Needs Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 8, núm. 2, 1997, pp. 10-23 (Project MUSE), doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0029.
Nye Jr., Joseph, “Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics”, Public Affairs, 2004.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Prospects for Democracy, 4 vol., Maryiland, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
“Official asks Hong Kong to pass controversial pro-China law”, BBC Monitoring, 20 de diciembre de 2017.
Olson, Mancur, Naveen Sarna y Anand Swamy, Governance and Growth, Baltimore, MD., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD., IRIS Center, 1997.
Pei, Minxin, “The fall and rise in democratic East Asia”, en Larry Diamond y Marc Plattner, Democracy in East Asia, Baltimore, MD., The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Pye, Lucian, The spirit of Chinese politics: A Psychocultural study of the authority crisis in political development, Cambridge, MA., MIT Press, 1968.
Pye, Lucian y Mary Pye, Asian Power and politics: The cultural dimension of authority, Cambridge, MA,. Belknap Press, 1985.
Rodan, Garry, “Embracing electronic media but suppressing civil society: Authoritarian consolidation in Singapore”, The Pacific Review, 16 (4), 2003, pp. 503-524.
Shaohua, Hu, Explaining Chinese Democratization, Westport, CN, Praeger Publishing, 2000.
Solomon, Richard, Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture, Berkeley, CA., University of California Press, 1971.
Taagapera, Rein, Predicting party sizes: The logic of Simple Electoral Systems, Oxford, University Press, 2007.
“The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index 2017”, The Economist, https://infographics.economist.com/2017/DemocracyIndex/
Tu, Weiming, “Implications of the rise of Confucian East Asia”, Daedalus, 129 (1), invierno de 2000, pp. 195-218.
Wang, Zhengxu, Democratization in East Asia: Citizen politics in China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea Taiwan and Vietnam, Nueva York, Cambria Press, 2008.
Waters, Dan, “Hong Kong Hong with long histories and British connections”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, vol. 30, 1990.
“What China wants. Essays in China’s future”, The Economist, 2014, https://www.economist.com
Wong, Stan, Electoral Politics in Post-1997 Hong Kong, Springer, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Zakaria, Fareed, “The rise of illiberal democracy”, Foreign Affairs, noviembre-diciembre 76, 6, 1997.
INSTRUMENTOS JURÍDICOS, INFORMES Y REPORTES
“Hong Kong 2017”, informe de país, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of The People’s Republic of China, 1997, https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report 2016, Human Development for Everyone, UNDP, 2017, http://hdr.undp.org/en/2016-report
