El extremismo político en Escandinavia…, ¿ocaso de la socialdemocracia?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v58i4.2551Palabras clave:
Extremismo político, etnonacionalismo, socialdemocracia, populismo, EscandinaviaResumen
Hace poco que los países nórdicos han atestiguado la irrupción de los partidos de extrema derecha en sus recintos parlamentarios, a más de verlos incorporarse como socios, por ejemplo, de Dinamarca, Finlandia y Noruega. Este fenómeno político es el resultado de dos factores: primero, la ineficacia de la gestión socialdemócrata para solucionar los problemas que afectan a los ciudadanos y, segundo, el compromiso que ha asumido la extrema derecha populista con el gobierno en turno. Con todo, Suecia es la única nación escandinava que aún no ha permitido al radicalismo político participar del gobierno, aunque nadie sabe por cuánto tiempo más.
Descargas
Citas
Andersen, Jørgen G., The Danish People’s Party and New Cleavages in Danish Politics, Aalborg, Aalborg Universitet, 2003.
Backes, Uwe, Political Extremes. A Conceptual History from Antiquity to the Present, Londres, Routledge, 2011.
____ y Jesse Eckhard (eds.), Vergleichende Extremismusforschung, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2005.
Bergmann, Eirikur, Nordic Nationalism and Right-Wing Populist Politics: Imperial Relationships and National Sentiments, Londres, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Betz, Hans-Georg, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, Houndmills, Macmillan, 1994.
_____, Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe in the 1990s and Beyond. A Threat to Democracy and Civil Rights? (Paper 9), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Identities, Conflict and Cohesion Programme, 2004.
Beyme, Klaus von, “Right-Wing Extremism in Post-War Europe”, West European Politics, vol. 11, núm. 2, 1988, pp. 1-18.
Bjørklund, Tor, “The Radical Right in Norway: The Development of the Progress Party”, en Nora Langenbacher y Britta Schellenberg (eds.), Is Europe on the «Right» Path? Right-Wing Extremism and Right-Wing Populism in Europe, Berlín, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung-Forum Berlin-Project Combating Right-wing Extremism, 2011.
_____ y Jørgen G. Andersen, “Anti-Immigration Parties in Denmark and Norway: The Progress Parties and the Danish People’s Party”, en Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg y Patrick Hossay (eds.), Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe, Nueva York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 107-136.
Breton, Albert, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon y Ronald Wintrobe (eds.), Political Extremism and Rationality, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Connor, Walker, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princetown, University Press, 1994.
Eatwell, Roger, “The Rebirth of the «Extreme Right» in Western Europe?”, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 53, núm. 3, 2000, pp. 407-425.
Electograph, Sweden YouGov Poll, 2018, en https://www.electograph.com/2018/03/sweden-yougov-poll-for-metro-march-2018.html
Eurostat, “Eurobarometer Interactive”, 2017, en http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Chart/index
García Olascoaga, Omar, Los partidos etnonacional populistas: una explicación para entender su comportamiento electoral en las democracias europeas contemporáneas, tesis, México, fcpys-unam, 2016.
Golder, Matt, “Far Right Parties in Europe”, The Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 19, 2016, pp. 477-497.
Ignazi, Piero, “The Silent Counter Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-wing Parties in Europe”, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 22, núm. 1, 1992, pp. 3-34.
_____, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, Oxford, University Press, 2003.
Jungar, Ann-Cathrine, “Populism in the Nordic Countries: New Old Roots”, en Hedwig Giusto, David Kitching y Stefano Rizzo (eds.), The Changing Faces of Populism, Bruselas, Foundation for European Progressive Studies, 2013.
Jupskås, Anders R., “The Progress Party: A Fairly Integrated Part of the Norwegian Party System?”, en Karsten Grabow y Florian Hartleb (eds.), Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe, Bruselas, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2013, pp. 205-236.
Kitschelt, Herbert y McGann, Anthony J., The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1995.
Klein, Andreas M., “The End of Solidarity? On the Development of Right-wing Populist Parties in Denmark and Sweden”, en Karsten Grabow y Florian Hartleb (eds.), Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe, Bruselas, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2013.
Lipset, Seymour M. y Rokkan, Stein, “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction”, en Seymour M. Lipset y Stein Rokkan (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, Nueva York, The Free Press, 1967, pp. 1-64.
Meret, Susi, “From the Margins to the Mainstream? The Development of the Radical Right in Denmark”, en Nora Langenbacher y Britta Schellenberg (eds.), Is Europe on the «Right» Path? Right-Wing Extremism and Right-Wing Populism in Europe, Berlín, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung-Forum Berlin-Project Combating Right-wing Extremism, 2011.
Midlarsky, Manus I., Origins of Political Extremism. Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond, Cambridge, University Press, 2011.
Morgan, Philip, Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, Londres, Routledge, 2003.
Mudde, Cas, The Ideology of the Extreme Right, Manchester, University Press, 2000.
_____, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge, University Press, 2007.
_____ (ed.), Political Extremism, Londres, Sage, 2014.
Nolte, Ernst y Gustau Muñoz, “Un pasado que no quiere pasar. Una conferencia que, ya escrita, no pudo ser pronunciada”, Pasajes. Revista de pensamiento contemporáneo, núm. 24, 2007, pp. 71-75.
OECD, How’s Life? 2015. Measuring Well-being, París, oecd Publishing, 2015, en http://www.oecd.org/statistics/how-s-life-23089679.htm
Pankowski, Rafał, The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots, Londres, Routledge, 2011.
Pempel, T. J. (ed.), Uncommon Democracies: The One Party Dominant Regimes, Nueva York, Cornell University Press, 1990.
Polk, Jonathan et al., Chapel Hill Expert Survey (ches) 1999-2014, 2015, en http://ches.web.unc.edu/
Powell, G. Bingham, “Extremist Parties and Political Turmoil: Two Puzzles”, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, núm. 2, 1986, pp. 358-359.
Raunio, Tapio, “The Finns: Filling a Gap in the Party System”, en Karsten Grabow y Florian Hartleb (eds.), Exposing the Demagogues. Right-Wing and National Populist Parties in Europe, Bruselas, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2013, pp. 133-160.
Rydgren, Jens, “Radical Right Populism in Sweden: Still a Failure, But for How Long?”, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 25, núm. 1, 2002, pp. 27-56.
_____, The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno-nationalist Mobilization in France, Nueva York, Berghahn, 2004.
_____, From Tax Populism to Ethnic Nationalism: Radical Right-Wing Populism in Sweden, Nueva York, Berghahn Books, 2006.
_____ y Patrick Ruth, “Voting for the Radical Right in Swedish Municipalities: Social Marginality and Ethnic Competition?”, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 34, núm. 3, 2011, pp. 202-225.
Sverigedemokraterna, Principprogram, 2011.
“Sweden’s Moderates open to Sweden Democrats immigration deal”, The Local, 7 de mayo de 2018, en https://www.thelocal.se/20180507/swedens-moderates-open-to-sweden-democratsimmigration-deal
Traverso, Enzo, “La fábrica del odio. Xenofobia y racismo en Europa”, Constelaciones, vol. 4, 2012, pp. 411-417.
UNHCR, Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2016, Ginebra, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2016, en en http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5943e8a34/global-trends-forced-displacement-2016.html
Vergara, Daniel, “Rasismen i SD riksdagsgrupp”, Expo, 12 de septiembre de 2014, en http://expo.se/2014/rasismen-i-sds-riksdagsgrupp_6635.html
Widfeldt, Anders, “Scandinavia: Mixed Success for the Populist Right”, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 53, núm. 3, 2000, pp. 486-500.
_____, “A Fourth Phase of the Extreme Right? Nordic Immigration-critical Parties in a Comparative Context”, nordeuropaforum, vol. 20, núm. 1, 2010, pp. 7-31.
_____, Extreme Right Parties in Scandinavia, Londres, Routledge, 2015.
Wieviorka, Michel, Le racisme, une introduction, París, La Découverte, 1998.
Wintrobe, Ronald, Rational Extremism. The Political Economy of Radicalism, Cambridge, University Press, 2006.
