Jabal Amil: la génesis del activismo chií contemporáneo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.3068Palabras clave:
chiismo, Hezbollah, Amal, Movimiento Sadrista, ARS, Medio OrienteResumen
Este artículo se propone demostrar que el activismo secular de las familias chiitas tradicionales originarias de Jabal Amil, en el sur del Líbano, está en el origen de fenómenos sociales y políticos transformadores del mundo chiita contemporáneo, en particular los movimientos Sadrista, Amal y Hezbolá. El propósito fundamental es investigar la compleja red que moldea las relaciones entre los miembros de la comunidad chiita de Jabal Amil y sus correligionarios en otras partes de Medio Oriente, sobre todo en Irán, Iraq y el Líbano, y analizar cómo las conexiones de estas influyentes familias chiitas trascienden las fronteras nacionales. Para lograrlo, el artículo se basa en la teoría constructivista y en el método de análisis de redes sociales (ars). Se concluye que pertenecer a una red transnacional histórica, cuyas raíces están en Jabal Amil, moviliza, legitima e inviste de poder a los principales líderes chiítas de la era contemporánea.
Descargas
Citas
A Shi’ite Encyclopedia. 2023. Ghadir Khum Part 2: The Meaning Wali, Mawla, and Wilayah. Al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia/ghadir-khum-part-2 (consulta del 3 de diciembre de 2024).
ABISAAB, Rula Jurdi. 2004. “Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire”. Londres; Nueva York: Tauris. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021086200021666
ABOUZEID, Rania. 2023. “The Simmering Lebanese Front in Israel’s War”. The New Yorker, 21 de octubre de 2023. https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-simmering-lebanese-front-in-israels-war
AJAMI, Fouad. 1987. The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
AL-ALOOSY, Mossaab. 2020. The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah. Nueva York: Springer International Publishing.
AL-ALOOSY, Massaab. 2023. “Ruling Without Responsibility: Badr Organisation, Asaʿib Ahl al-Haq, and Kataʿib Hezbollah After Defeating ISIS in Iraq”. En Rebel Governance in the Middle East, edición de Ibrahim Fraihat y Abdalhadi Alijla: 187–216. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1335-0_7
AL-AMIN, Muhsin. 1983. Ayan Al-Shi’a. Beirut: Dar al-Ta’ruf for Publications. Kindle.
AL-ANI, Abdul-Haq. 2016. The Crisis in Islam. Londres: Middle East Book Review.
AL-HAKEEM, Riyadh. 2015. The Shia: Identity. Persecution. Horizons. Dearborn: Mainstay Foundation. Kindle.
Al-Islam. 2023. “Hawza”. Ask a Question. https://www.al-islam.org/ask/topics/5763/questions-about-Hawza (consulta del 17 de diciembre de 2023).
AL-MUHAJIR, Jaafar. 1989. Migração Amili para o Irã na Era Safávida: Suas Causas Históricas e Suas Consequências Culturais e Políticas. Beirut: Dar Al-Rawdah.
AL-TABATABEI, Assayed Mohammad Hussein. 1997. O Xiismo no Islam. ArresAla.org.br. https://www.arresala.org.br/o-xiismo-no-islam/
ALMAHFALI, Mohammed y James ROOT. 2020. “How Iran’s Islamic Revolution Does, and Does Not, Influence Houthi Rule in Northern Yemen”. Sanaa Center for Strategic Studies. https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/9050 (consulta del 21 de julio de 2024).
ARJOMAND, Said Amir. 1985. “The Clerical Estate and the Emergence of a Shiite Hierocracy in Safavid Iran”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 28: 169-219. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852085X00028
ARMAJANI, John y Jason M. SCHLUDE. 2020. Shia Islam and Politics. Saint Paul: University of St. Thomas. https://researchonline.stthomas.edu/esploro/outputs/991015132150403691
AZIZ, Talib M. 1993. “The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shiʿi Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980”. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25: 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800058499
BARNES, John A. 1987. “Redes Sociais e Processo Político”. En Antropologia das Sociedades Contemporâneas: Métodos, editado por Bela Feldman-Bianco: 159-194. São Paulo: Global Universitária.
BARNETT, Michael. 1988. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
BAYDOUN, Ibrahim. 1979. Páginas da História de Jabal Amel. Beirut: Conselho Cultural do Sul do Líbano. http://noor-book.com/en/s3hilw
BAYLESS, Leslie. 2012. “Who is Muqtada al-Sadr?”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35: 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.639063
BAZZI, Samer Mohamad. 2004. “The Lebanese Armageddon in the New Iraq”. Bint Jbeil.
BILGIN, Pinar. 2004. “Whose ‘Middle East’? Geopolitical Inventions and Practices of Security”. International Relations, 18 (1): 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117804041739
CHUAIB, Ali Abdel Menem. 1987. Reivindicações de Jabal Amil: Igualdade de Unidade no Grande Líbano (1900-1936). Beirut: MAJD-Instituição Universitária de Estudos, Publicação e Distribuição.
DENNY, Frederick. 2015. An Introduction to Islam. Abingdon y Nueva York: Routledge.
DURKHEIM, Émile. (1912) ca. 1968. Pragmatismo y sociología. Prefacio de Armand Cuvillier, traducción de Noé Jitrik. Buenos Aires: Editorial Schapire.
GHARBIEH, Hussein M. 1996. “Political Awareness of the Shi’ites in Lebanon: The Role of Sayyid Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr” (tesis doctoral). Durham: Durham University.
HALAWI, Majed. 1992. A Lebanon Defied: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi’a Community. Boulder: Westview Press.
“Hamas Negotiates on Behalf of Entire Resistance Axis: Nasrallah”. 2024. The Cradle, 10 de julio de 2024. https://thecradle.co/articles/hamas-negotiates-on-behalf-of-entire-resistance-axis-nasrallah
HOURANI, Albert. 1986. “From Jabal ’Āmil to Persia”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 49 (1): 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00042555
JA’FARI, Sayyid Husayn Muhammad. 2014. The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Irán: Ansariyan Publications y Lulu Press, Inc.
KARMON, Ely. 2009. “Iran and its proxy Hezbollah: Strategic penetration in Latin America”. Elcano Newsletter, 55: 32. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42966465.pdf
KATZENSTEIN, Peter J. 1996. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
KAZUO, Morimoto. 2012. Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies. Londres: Routledge.
KHATIB, Lina. 2021. “How Hezbollah Holds Sway Over the Lebanese State”. Londres: Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/06/how-hezbollah-holds-sway-over-lebanese-state
KOSS, Maren. 2018. Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties. Reino Unido: Routledge.
LOUËR, Laurence. 2008. “Transnational Shia Politics: Religious and Political Networks in the Gulf”. Nueva York: Hurst, Columbia University Press.
MANSOUR, Renad y Benedict ROBIN-D’CRUZ. 2022. The Sadrist Movement in Iraq. Between Protest and Power Politics. Londres: Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/2022-10-28-sadrist-movement-iraq-mansour-robin-dcruz.pdf (consulta del 25 de enero de 2024).
NAUMANN, Nils. 2012. “A Troubled Host”. Deutsche Welle, 27 de marzo. https://www.dw.com/en/a-troubled-iraq-hosts-the-arab-league-summit/a-15826267
RUBIN, Michael. 2009. “The Enduring Iran-Syria-Hezbollah Axis”. American Enterprise Institute, 6: 1-6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep03078
SAAD-GHORAYEB, Amal. 2003. “Factors Conducive to the Politicization of the Lebanese Shi’a and the Emergence of Hizbu’llah”. Journal of Islamic Studies, 14 (3): 273–307. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/14.3.273
SALAMEY, Imad y Frederic PEARSON. 2007. “Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East”. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18: 416-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310701674358
SAOULI, Adham. 2014. “Intellectuals and Political Power in Social Movements: The Parallel Paths of Fadlallah and Hizbullah”. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41: 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2014.878509
SHAERY-EISENLOHR, Roschanack. 2009. “Territorializing Piety: Genealogy, Transnationalism, and Shi’ite Politics in Modern Lebanon”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 51: 533-562. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001041750900022X
SHANAHAN, Rodger. 2013. “From Tyre to Tehran: Transnational Links Amongst Lebanese Shi’a Clerical Families”. Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies, 6: 307-322. https.//10.1353/isl.2013.0028
SILVA, Carlos Alberto da, Joaquim FIALHO y José SARAGOÇA. 2013. “Análise de Redes Sociais e Sociologia da Ação. Pressupostos Teórico-Metodológicos”. Revista Angolana de Sociologia, 11: 91-106. https://doi.org/10.4000/ras.361
STEWART, Devin J. 1996. “Notes on the Migration of ʿĀmilī Scholars to Safavid Iran”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 55: 81-103. https://doi.org/10.1086/373800
TAQIEL-DIN, Suleiman. 1979. Páginas da História de Jabal Amel. Beirut: Conselho Cultural do Sul do Líbano. http://noor-book.com/en/s3hilw
URQUHART, David. 1860. The Lebanon (Mount Souria). London: Thomas Cautley Newby. https://www.amazon.com/Lebanon-Mount-Souria-history-diary/dp/1402192452
WASSERMAN, Stanley y Katherine FAUST. 1998. Social Networks Analysis: Methods and Applications. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
WEDEEN, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
WELLMAN, Barry y Scott BERKOWITZ. 1988. Social Structures. A Network Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WENDT, Alexander. 1998. “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations”. Review of International Studies, 24 (5): 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210598001028
WINTER, Stefan. 2010. The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1788. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676413
WOOD, Michael. 1999. “Ayatollah Muhammad al-Sadr Obituary”. The Guardian, 5 de marzo de 1999. https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/mar/05/guardianobituaries1
ZUBAIDA, Sami. 1997. “Is Iran an Islamic State?”. En Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report: 103-119. Berkeley: University of California Press.
