La relación China-Alemania (2005-2018): asociación estratégica y pragmatismo económico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v60i1.2592Palabras clave:
asociación estratégica integral China-Alemania, interdependencia, Unión Europea, institucionalismo liberal, asimetríasResumen
En este texto se analiza la trayectoria de la relación China-Alemania durante el periodo 2005-2018 y el contenido de la agenda bilateral que ambos países han impulsado. En la investigación se identifican dos prioridades compartidas: 1) la preferencia por el incremento de sus relaciones económicas y comerciales mediante el pragmatismo económico (aunque en detrimento de un diálogo sobre los valores de la buena gobernanza) y 2) el proceso de institucionalización de la agenda de cooperación bilateral por medio de la asociación estratégica integral China-Alemania. Se considera que el incremento en las relaciones de interdependencia económica es un incentivo fundamental para la ampliación de la agenda de cooperación en su asociación estratégica. De igual modo, la asociación estratégica es un espacio institucional para el acomodo de sus intereses y la diversidad de sus preferencias (por ej., el compromiso de Alemania con las relaciones transatlánticas o los principios estructurales de la política exterior de China, como el respeto a su soberanía).
Descargas
Citas
“A ‘No-spy’ Deal would help any Huawei bid – Germany”, Reuters, 14 de mayo de 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/china-germany/a-no-spy-deal-would-help-any-huawei-bid-germany-idUSS8N21G011
BENDIEK, Annegret, “The ‘2014 Review’: Understanding the Pillars of German Foreign Policy and the Expectations of the rest of the World”, Working Paper RD EU/Europe núm 2015/05, Berlín, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2015.
BRÄUNER, Oliver, “Beyond the Arms Embargo: EU Transfers of Defense and Dual-Use Technologies to China”, Journal of East Asian Studies, vol. 13, núm. 1, 2013.
Cancillería Federal de Alemania, Angela Merkel in China: Cooperating Well and Fairly, Beijing, 25 de mayo de 2018, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en/news/cooperating-well-and-fairly-1143250
Cancillería Federal de Alemania, Taking Good Relations to a New Level. Germany and China intend to further expand their Relations in Many Areas, stressed Chancellor, Berlin, 5 de julio de 2017, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2017/07_en/2017-07-04-staatsbesuch-xi-jinping_en.html
Cancillería Federal de Alemania, Government Consultations with China: Rule of Law strengthens Trust, Shenyang, 14 de junio de 2016, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/EN/Reiseberichte/2016/2016-06-10-deutschland-china_en.html
Cancillería Federal de Alemania, Angela Merkel for the Free Trade Agreement: “TTIP is a fantastic opportunity”, Berlín, 21 de septiembre de 2015, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en/news/-ttip-is-a-fantastic-opportunity--430262
CABESTAN, Jean-Pierre, “La politique étrangère chinoise: une Chine sans ennemis n’est pas forcément une Chine rassurante”, Hérodote, núm. 125, 2007.
CASARINI, Nicola, “The Evolution of the EU-China Relationship: from Constructive Engagement to Strategic Partnership”, Ocassional Paper núm. 64, París, EUISS, 2006.
“China cancels Human Rights Meeting after Dalai Lama Row”, Deutsche Welle, 14 de octubre de 2007, https://www.dw.com/en/china-cancels-human-rights-meeting-after-dalai-lama-row/a-2824545
“China, Germany to hold Annual Consultations to deepen ‘Strategic Partnership’, Deutsche Welle, 16 de julio de 2010, http://www.dw.de/china-germany-to-hold-annual-consultations-to-deepen-strategicpartnership/a-5809459
CONNELLY, Marisela, “Comercio y consumo de opio en China”, Estudios de Asia y África, vol. 25, núm. 3 (83), 1990.
Consejo Europeo, 11th EU-China Summit Prague Joint Press Communiqué 10234/09 (Presse 147), Bruselas, 20 de mayo de 2009, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/0023/joint_statement_en.pdf
CROTTY, William, “Armageddon, just another Campaign or something in between. The Meaning and Consequences of the 2004 Presidential Election”, Crotty, William (ed.) A Defining Moment: The Presidential Election of 2004, Nueva York, Routledge, 2015.
Dirección General de Comercio de la Comisión Europea, European Union, Trade in goods with China, Bruselas, 19 de marzo de 2019, https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_china_en.pdf
“Economic woes Cloud Germany-China Summit”, Deutsche Welle, 9 de octubre de 2014, https://www.dw.com/en/economic-woes-cloud-germany-china-summit/a-17985253
FORSBERG, Tuomas, “From Ostpolitik to “Frostpolitik”? Merkel, Putin and German Foreign Policy towards Russia”, International Affairs, vol. 92, núm. 1, 2016.
GAUCK, Joachim, “Germany’s role in the world: Reflections on Responsibility, Norms and Alliances” (Discurso de apertura de la 50th Munich Security Conference), Múnich, 31 de enero de 2014, http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/EN/JoachimGauck/Reden/2014/140131-Munich-Security-Conference.html
GAJAUSKAITĖ, Ieva, “Strategic Partnerships in Foreign Policy: Comparative Analysis of Polish -Ukrainian and Lithuanian - Ukrainian Strategic Partnerships”, Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, vol. 11, núm. 1, 2013.
Gobierno Federal de Alemania, Intensifying cooperation with China, Berlín, 10 de octubre de 2014, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/intensifying-cooperation-with-china-413556
Gobierno Federal de Alemania, Joint Declaration between Germany and China: Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, Berlín, The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, 28 de marzo de 2014, https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2014/2014-03-28-china-declaration.html
GODEMENT, François, “Key issues of China’s Leadership Succession and their Relevance to the EU”, en Casarini, Nicola (ed.), Brussels-Beijing: changing the game?, Report núm. 14, París, EUISS, 2013.
GORON, Coraline, “Fighting against Climate Change and for Fair Trade: Finding the EU’s Interest in the Solar Panels Dispute with China”, China-EU Law Journal, vol. 6, núm. 1-2, 2018.
GOTTWALD, Joern-Carsten, “Germany’s China-Policy: Trade Promotion, Human Rights and European Disunity”, en Marco Overhaus et. al. (eds.), German-Chinese Relations: Trade Promotion Plus Something Else? German Foreign Policy in Dialogue vol. 6, núm. 16, 2005.
GROSSE, Tomasz, “Geoeconomic Relations Between the EU and China: The Lessons from the EU Weapon Embargo and from Galileo”, Geopolitics, vol. 19, núm.1, 2014.
HARO NAVEJAS, Francisco Javier y Rosángel HERNÁNDEZ MENDOZA, “Viaje al oeste. La Asociación Sino-mexicana: una posibilidad funcionalista”, Foro Internacional, vol. 56, núm. 2, 2016.
HEIDUK, Felix, “What is in a name? Germany’s Strategic Partnerships with Asia’s Rising Powers”, Asia Europe Journal, vol. 13, núm. 2, 2015.
HEIDUK, Felix, “Conflicting Images? Germany and the Rise of China”, German Politics, vol. 23, núm. 1-2, 2014.
HUOTARI, Mikko, “Germany’s China Policy: No Honeymoon Forever” en Huotari, Mikko et. al. (eds.), Mapping Europe-China Relations. A Bottom-Up Approach, Berlín, MERICS, 2015.
KEOHANE, Robert O. y Joseph S. NYE, “La interdependencia en la política mundial”, en Arturo Borja (comp.), Interdependencia, Cooperación y Globalismo. Ensayos escogidos de Robert O. Keohane, CIDE, México, 2005.
KUNDNANI, Hans, “Leaving the West. Germany looks East”, Foreign Affairs, enero-febrero de 2015.
KUNDNANI, Hans y Jonas PARELLO-PLESNER, “China and Germany: Why the Emerging Special Relationship matters for Europe”, Policy Brief, núm. 55, Londres, ECFR, 2012.
LANGENBACHER, Eric y Ruth WITTLINGER, “The End of Memory? German-American Relations under Donald Trump”, German Politics, vol. 27, núm. 2, 2018.
LEYEN, Ursula von der, Leadership from the Centre (intervención en la 51st Munich Security Conference), Múnich, 6 de febrero de 2015, https://www.securityconference.de/fileadmin/MSC_/2015/Freitag/150206-2015_Rede_vdL_MSC_Englisch-1_Kopie_.pdf
LI, Lezeng, In-depth Discussion: A Look at the Sino-German Relations, Beijing, Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2012, http://ies.cass.cn/english/chinare/cer/201212/t20121212_2464178.shtml
LI, Wei, The Limits of the China-Germany Special Relationship, Beijing, Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2014, http://ies.cass.cn/wz/mtcf/201404/t20140409_2463171.shtml
“Merkel pushes China to open its Markets”, The Local, 16 de julio de 2010, https://www.thelocal.de/20100716/28545
MILLER, Bernhard y Wolfgang C. MÜLLER, “Managing Grand Coalitions: Germany 2005-09”, German Politics, vol. 19, núm. 3-4, 2010.
Ministerio Federal de Asuntos Exteriores de Alemania, Joint Declaration from the fifth German-Chinese Intergovernmental Consultations “Responsible Partners for a better World”, Berlín, 9 de julio de 2018, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2123764/3c77182c7e36afe693521a8a68ad0af7/joint-declaration-from-the-5th-german-chinese-intergovernmental-consultations-data.pdf
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Xi Jinping meets with Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Hangzhou, 5 de septiembre de 2016, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/XJPCXBZCESGJTLDRDSYCFHJCXYGHD/t1395342.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Li Keqiang and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany Co-chair the 4th Round of China-Germany Inter-governmental Consultation, Beijing, 13 de junio de 2016, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1372371.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Li Keqiang Meets with Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, Beijing, 7 de julio de 2014, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1172777.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Premier Li Keqiang and Chancellor Angela Merkel Discuss China-Germany Innovative Cooperation, Berlín, 11 de octubre de 2014, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/lkqzlfwdgelsydllhglnzzzbbcxdsjyosnhy/t1200145.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, President Xi Jinping Visits the Port of Duisburg, Germany, Duisburgo, 30 de marzo de 2014, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxdsjhaqhfbfwhlfgdgblshlhgjkezzzbomzb_666590/t1164914.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Address by H.E. Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China at the China-Germany Business Summit, Hannover, 23 de abril de 2012, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/wjbispg_665714/t930826.shtml
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Hu Jintao Meets with German Chancellor Merkel. Beijing, 16 de julio de 2010, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t717842.htm
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de China, Joint Statement of the 12th China-EU Summit, Nanjing, 30 de noviembre de 2009, http://www.chinamission.be/eng/zywj/zywd/t1228338.htm
NAUGHTON, Barry, “The Challenges of Economic Growth and Reform”, en Robert S. Ross y Jo Inge Bekkevold (eds.), China in the Era of Xi Jinping: Domestic and Foreign Policy Challenges, Washington, Georgetown University Press, 2016.
PRZYCHODNIAK, Marcin, “China’s Plans to Strengthen Relations with Germany”, Bulletin núm. 65, Varsovia, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, 5 de julio de 2017, https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=23351
RUPPRECHT, Klaus, “Germany’s Policy toward China and the SARs of Hong Kong and Macau”, en Santos-Neves, Miguel y Bridges, Brian (ed.), Europe, China and the two Sars: towards a New Era, Londres, Macmillan Press, 2000.
SANDSCHNEIDER, Eberhard, “China’s Diplomatic Relations with the States of Europe”, China Quarterly, núm. 169, 2002.
SCHNELLBACH, Christoph y Joyce MAN, “Germany and China: ¿Embracing a Different Kind of Partnership?”, CAP Working Paper, Múnich, CAP, University of Munich, 2015.
“Schröder calls for end to Arms Embargo against China”, Deutsche Welle, Beijing, 3 de diciembre de 2003, https://www.dw.com/en/schr%C3%B6der-calls-for-end-to-arms-embargo-against-china/a-1047143
STEINMEIER, Frank-Walter, Speech by Foreign Minister Frank Walter Steinmeier at the 50th Munich Security Conference, Múnich, Ministerio Federal de Asuntos Exteriores de Alemania, 31 de enero de 2014, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/140201-bm-muesiko/259556
STEINMEIER, Frank-Walter, Speech by Dr Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the Handover Ceremony on 17 December 2013, Berlín, Ministerio Federal de Asuntos Exteriores de Alemania, 17 de diciembre de 2013, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/131217-bm-antrittsrede/258766
Statistisches Bundesamt, China is Germany’s main Trading Partner once again, Destatis, Wiesbaden, 18 de febrero de 2019, https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2019/02/PE19_057_51.html
Statistisches Bundesamt, “Außenhandel”, Statistisches Jahrbuch, Destatis, Wiesbaden, 2018, https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Jahrbuch/jb-aussenhandel.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6
TALLEY, Ian y Jeffrey SPARSHOTT, “U.S. Blasts Germany's Economic Policies”, The Wall Street Journal, 31 de octubre de 2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-treasury-targets-german-economic-policies-1383170134
TERHALLE, Maximiliam y Giegerich BASTIAN, “The Purpose of the German Power”, en Bindenagel, James, Herdegen, Mathias y Kaiser, Karl (eds.), International Security in the 21st Century. Germany’s International Responsibilities, Bonn, University Press, 2017.
VÉDRINE, Hubert, “L’Émergence de la Chine vue de France”, Politique Étrangère, núm. 3, 2006.
WAGNER, Rene, “Exclusive: German Trade Surplus with U.S. declined in 2018 but was still almost 49 Billion Euros”, Reuters, 11 de febrero de 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-economy-exclusive/exclusive-german-trade-surplus-with-u-s-declined-in-2018-but-was-still-almost-49-billion-euros-idUSKCN1Q01EY
WAGNER, Rene y Michael NIENABER, “China steams past U.S., France to be Germany’s biggest Trading Partner”, Reuters, 23 de febrero de 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-economy-trade-idUSKBN1622SO
WANG, Jisi, “ ‘Marching Westwards’: The Rebalancing of China’s Geostrategy”, en Shao Binhong (ed.), The World in 2020 According to China: Chinese Foreign Policy Elites discuss Emerging Trends in International Politics, Leiden, Brill, 2014.
WU, Po-Kuan y Mads Dagnis JENSEN, “Examining the EU-China Relationship in the Aftermath of the Economic Crisis”, International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 40, núm. 14, 2017.
“Xi pledges joint Efforts with Germany to safeguard Multilateralism, Open Economy”, People’s Daily, Buenos Aires, 1 de diciembre de 2018, http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/1202/c90000-9524363.html
YANG, Xiepu, In-depth Discussion: A Look at the Sino-German Relations, Beijing, Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2012, http://ies.cass.cn/english/chinare/cer/201212/t20121212_2464178.shtml
ZHANG, Xiaotong, EU-China Economic Diplomacy: When Economics meets Politics, Wuhan, Wuhan University Research Centre for Economic Diplomacy, Wuhan University, 2014, http://ced.whu.edu.cn/Show/?id=103&siteid=3
ZHAO, Ke, “Germany’s Diplomatic Rebalancing and Its Impact on China”, China International Studies, núm. 66, 2017, https://www.pressreader.com/china/china-international-studies-english/20170920/281500751430764
ZHAO, Ke, “Does Ascendant Germany pose a Challenge for China?”, Chinese Social Sciences Today, Beijing, 3 de mayo de 2016, http://english.cssn.cn/research/internationalstudies/201603/t20160308_2903111.shtml
ZHENG, Churning, “Germany’s role in EU-China Relations”, Chinese Journal of European Studies, vol. 33, núm. 3, Beijing, Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2017, http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/OZZZ201503001
